desorden alimenticioTrastorno alimentario
Un trastorno del comer es una condición que afecta a los individuos los hábitos alimentarios, ya sea como resultado de sus propias acciones (autoinfligida), o como reacción corporal al consumo de alimentos. Los trastornos alimentarios pueden ir desde la angustia mental de leve a enfermedades potencialmente mortales, y puede afectar todos los aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los individuos. Según los autores de sobrevivir a un trastorno alimentario, "los sentimientos sobre el trabajo, escuela, relaciones, día a día y la experiencia de uno de bienestar emocional están determinadas por lo que se ha o no se ha comido o por un número en una escala. " La anorexia nerviosa y bulimia nerviosa son los trastornos de la alimentación más comunes generalmente reconocida por los sistemas de clasificación médica, con un significativo solapamiento diagnóstico entre los dos. En conjunto, afectan a un estimado de 5-7% de las mujeres en los Estados Unidos durante su vida y "aproximadamente el 10% del consumo de las personas con trastornos de venir a la atención de los profesionales de salud mental son hombres". Hay varios otros trastornos alimentarios, que son frecuentes entre la demografía de que están siendo investigados y definido - el síndrome de rumiación, comer compulsivo y trastorno de la alimentación selectiva.
medio ambiente
Familia y amigos son muy influyentes a la hora de los trastornos alimentarios. Los medios de comunicación pueden ser una influencia significativa sobre los trastornos alimentarios a través de su impacto sobre los valores, normas, y la imagen de los estándares aceptados por la sociedad moderna. Los medios de comunicación envía un mensaje de que "delgado es bello" en su elección de modelos de moda, que muchos jóvenes quieren emular. La exposición tanto de la sociedad a los medios de comunicación y trastornos de la alimentación han crecido enormemente en la última década. Investigadores y médicos están preocupados por la relación entre estos dos fenómenos y encontrar maneras de reducir la influencia negativa fina ideal tiene los medios de comunicación sobre la percepción corporal de las mujeres y la susceptibilidad a los trastornos alimentarios. La industria de la dieta hace miles de millones de dólares cada año por los consumidores continuamente la compra de productos en un esfuerzo por ser el peso ideal. Hollywood muestra un estándar irreal de belleza que hace que el público se sienta satisfecho y muy insuficiente y obliga a la gente a luchar por una apariencia inalcanzable. La gente, como profesores o asesores, que trabajan estrechamente con las mujeres y los hombres jóvenes y que entran en contacto con ellos regularmente se encuentran en una posición para detectar señales de advertencia y síntomas de posibles desórdenes en la alimentación. Los maestros tienen un papel particularmente importante en la detección de trastornos de la alimentación y los cambios en el comportamiento de los estudiantes, como ellos los ven todos los días y son capaces de monitorear los cambios con frecuencia. Un recurso para que los maestros de referencia en el mantenimiento de la salud de los estudiantes, por lo que se refiere a disorderes de comer, se puede encontrar en: Los docentes deben ser conscientes también de los mensajes enviados por compañeros de clase no saludables sobre las preferencias de imágenes y la apariencia ideal de belleza, y que estos mensajes deben ser atendida y corregida. Esto tiene un costo enorme en la propia autoestima y puede conducir fácilmente a comportamientos dieta, los trastornos alimentarios, la vergüenza del cuerpo, y en última instancia, un trastorno alimentario. La cultura que nos rodea en el que un adolescente se plantea afecta en gran medida de cómo se sienten que tienen que mirar, que posiblemente contribuyen a un trastorno alimentario. Se ha descubierto que un desequilibrio químico en el cerebro puede estar vinculado a por qué algunas personas tienen la anorexia y otros no. La parte más peligrosa de determinados trastornos de la alimentación es que las personas que los tienen "ven a sí mismos como personas con sobrepeso a pesar de que es peligroso fino" (Instituto Nacional de Salud). Este solo hecho indica que la persona no puede dejar de verse a sí mismos como personas con sobrepeso. Su cerebro es posible que distorsionan su imagen, mientras que todo el mundo está viendo cómo su verdadero aspecto. Atracones bulímicos muy a menudo y entonces purga porque se sienten culpables por comer tanta comida, incluso si son un "peso alrededor de su rango de peso normal" (Instituto Nacional de Salud).
Biológica
Los pacientes con grave trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, la depresión o la bulimia, se constató que todos los niveles anormalmente bajos de serotonina. Los neurotransmisores como la serotonina, la dopamina y la norepinefrina son secretadas por los intestinos y el sistema nervioso central durante la digestión. Los investigadores también han encontrado niveles bajos en la colecistoquinina bulímicas. Colecistoquinina es una hormona que uno hace que se sienta lleno y disminuye la comida. Los bajos niveles de esta hormona pueden provocar una falta de información satiative cuando come, que puede conducir a comer en exceso. Otra explicación de los investigadores encontraron para comer en exceso es anomalías en los péptidos neuromoduladores, el neuropéptido Y y péptido YY. Ambos de estos péptidos aumento de comer y trabajar con otro péptido llamada leptina. La leptina es liberada por las células de grasa y se sabe que disminuye de comer. La investigación encontró que la mayoría de las personas que overate producen cantidades normales de leptina, sino que podrían tener complicaciones con la barrera sangre-cerebro la prevención de una cantidad óptima para alcanzar el cerebro. Cortislis es una hormona liberada por la corteza suprarrenal, que promueve el azúcar en la sangre y aumenta el metabolismo. Los altos niveles de cortisol se encuentran en las personas con trastornos alimentarios. Este desequilibrio puede ser causado por un problema en o alrededor del hipotálamo. Un estudio realizado en Londres en el Maudsley Hospital encontrado que las anoréxicas se encontró una gran variación de los receptores de serotonina y un alto nivel de serotonina. Muchos de estos productos químicos y las hormonas están asociadas con el hipotálamo en el cerebro. El daño en el hipotálamo pueden causar anomalías en la regulación de la temperatura, comida, bebida, comportamiento sexual, la lucha, y el nivel de actividad. Uher & Treasure (2005) realizó un estudio de investigación de los efectos lesiones cerebrales en los trastornos alimentarios. Ellos evaluaron formalmente 54 casos publicados de los trastornos alimentarios y daño cerebral. Se encontraron correlaciones entre los muchos trastornos de la alimentación y el daño al hipotálamo. Las personas con lesiones cerebrales en el hipotálamo había conductas alimentarias anormales; provocación y la auto provocación del vómito, más de la preocupación por engordar, hacer trampa con la comida, la somnolencia frecuente, depresión, comportamiento obsesivo-compulsivo y la diabetes insípida. Mientras que los científicos han determinado que existen posibles causas bioquímicas o biológicas que conducen a trastornos de la alimentación debido a ciertas sustancias químicas que controlan el hambre, el apetito o digestiones están fuera de balance, los expertos como el Dr. Edward J. Cumella, director ejecutivo de los programas de tratamiento Remuda, los Estados que hay tres componentes a trastornos de la alimentación: 1. El componente genético, 2. Los factores ambientales únicas, tales como experiencias personales, y 3) Los factores ambientales compartidos, como la cultura. Según el Dr. Cumella, "Algunas personas nacen con una predisposición a padecer un trastorno alimentario y no hay marcadores genéticos que pueden empujar a una persona en la dirección de la anorexia o la bulimia ... pero esto no garantiza automáticamente que una persona sufra de un trastorno alimenticio. El medio ambiente - una persona la experiencia de la vida - aún tiene que apretar el gatillo. "
Trauma
Los trastornos alimentarios también debe entenderse en el contexto de trauma experimentado, con muchos problemas para comer principio como estrategias de supervivencia en lugar de la vanidad o la obsesión por la apariencia. Según el sociólogo Becky Thompson, los trastornos alimentarios derivados de las mujeres de diversa condición socioeconómica, orientación sexual y raza, y considera que los trastornos alimentarios y una relación desconectados con el cuerpo es comúnmente una respuesta a las tensiones ambientales, incluida la sexual, físico y emocional el abuso, el racismo y la pobreza. Esta realidad es aún más perjudicial para las mujeres de color y mujeres de otras minorías, ya que son forzados a vivir en una cultura que abarca una concepción estrictamente definida de la belleza: "las personas más alejadas del ideal dominante de belleza, específicamente a las mujeres de color, puede sufrir las los efectos psicológicos de baja autoestima, mala imagen corporal y trastornos de la alimentación ".
La anorexia nerviosa / bulimia nerviosa
El síntoma más visible es la pérdida excesiva de peso en un período corto de tiempo. Los síntomas orales incluyen enrojecimiento generalizado de la mucosa ulceraciones orales y la pérdida de material de los dientes, especialmente debido a la erosión causada por el vómito ácido. Esta erosión se ve especialmente en la superficie palatina de los dientes anteriores superiores, y la superficie oclusal de molares mandibulares los incisivos inferiores están a salvo de las lesiones erosivas en que estén cubiertos por la lengua durante los episodios de vómitos. El paciente también puede presentar con lesión traumática de la úvula, debido a los daños causados por los dedos mientras se induzca el vómito lesión similar se puede encontrar en el dedo correspondiente.
Eating disorder
eating disorder
An eating disorder is a condition which affects an individuals eating habits, either as a result of their own doing (self-inflicted), or as a bodily reaction to the consumption of food. Eating disorders can range from mild mental anguish to life-threatening conditions, and can affect every aspect of an individuals daily life. According to the authors of Surviving an Eating Disorder, "feelings about work, school, relationships, day-to-day activities and one's experience of emotional well being are determined by what has or has not been eaten or by a number on a scale." Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common eating disorders generally recognized by medical classification schemes, with a significant diagnostic overlap between the two. Together, they affect an estimated 5-7% of females in the United States during their lifetimes and "approximately 10% of eating disordered individuals coming to the attention of mental health professionals are male". There are several other eating disorders which are prevalent amongst certain demographics that are being investigated and defined - Rumination syndrome, Compulsive overeating, and Selective eating disorder.
Environmental
Family and friends are very influential when it comes to eating disorders. The media may be a significant influence on eating disorders through its impact on values, norms, and image standards accepted by modern society. The media sends a message that "thin is beautiful" in their choice of fashion models, which many young girls want to emulate. Both society’s exposure to media and eating disorders have grown immensely over the past decade. Researchers and clinicians are concerned about the relationship between these two phenomena and finding ways to reduce the negative influence thin-ideal media has on women’s body perception and susceptibility to eating disorders. The dieting industry makes billions of dollars each year by consumers continually buying products in an effort to be the ideal weight. Hollywood displays an unrealistic standard of beauty that makes the public feel incredibly inadequate and dissatisfied and forces people to strive for an unattainable appearance. People, such as teachers or counselors, who work closely with young women and men and who come into contact with them regularly are in a position to detect warning signs and possible eating disordered symptoms. Teachers have a particularly important role in detecting eating disorders and changes in behavior in students, as they see them everyday and are able to monitor changes frequently. A resource for teachers to reference in maintaining the health of students, as far as eating disorderes are concerned, can be found at: Teachers should also be aware of unhealthy messages sent by classmates about appearance preferences and ideal images of beauty, and these messages should be addressed and corrected. This takes an enormous toll on one's self-esteem and can easily lead to dieting behaviors, disordered eating, body shame, and ultimately an eating disorder. The surrounding culture in which an adolescent is raised greatly affects how they feel they are supposed to look, potentially contributing to an eating disorder. It has been discovered that a chemical imbalance in the brain may be linked to why some people have anorexia and others don’t. The most dangerous part of certain eating disorders is that people who have them “see themselves as overweight even though they are dangerously thin” (National Institute of Health). This fact alone suggests that the person cannot help but see themselves as overweight. Their brain is possibly distorting their image while everyone else is seeing how they really look. Bulimics very often binge and then purge because they feel guilty for eating so much food, even if they are a “weight around their normal weight range” (National Institute of Health).
Family and friends are very influential when it comes to eating disorders. The media may be a significant influence on eating disorders through its impact on values, norms, and image standards accepted by modern society. The media sends a message that "thin is beautiful" in their choice of fashion models, which many young girls want to emulate. Both society’s exposure to media and eating disorders have grown immensely over the past decade. Researchers and clinicians are concerned about the relationship between these two phenomena and finding ways to reduce the negative influence thin-ideal media has on women’s body perception and susceptibility to eating disorders. The dieting industry makes billions of dollars each year by consumers continually buying products in an effort to be the ideal weight. Hollywood displays an unrealistic standard of beauty that makes the public feel incredibly inadequate and dissatisfied and forces people to strive for an unattainable appearance. People, such as teachers or counselors, who work closely with young women and men and who come into contact with them regularly are in a position to detect warning signs and possible eating disordered symptoms. Teachers have a particularly important role in detecting eating disorders and changes in behavior in students, as they see them everyday and are able to monitor changes frequently. A resource for teachers to reference in maintaining the health of students, as far as eating disorderes are concerned, can be found at: Teachers should also be aware of unhealthy messages sent by classmates about appearance preferences and ideal images of beauty, and these messages should be addressed and corrected. This takes an enormous toll on one's self-esteem and can easily lead to dieting behaviors, disordered eating, body shame, and ultimately an eating disorder. The surrounding culture in which an adolescent is raised greatly affects how they feel they are supposed to look, potentially contributing to an eating disorder. It has been discovered that a chemical imbalance in the brain may be linked to why some people have anorexia and others don’t. The most dangerous part of certain eating disorders is that people who have them “see themselves as overweight even though they are dangerously thin” (National Institute of Health). This fact alone suggests that the person cannot help but see themselves as overweight. Their brain is possibly distorting their image while everyone else is seeing how they really look. Bulimics very often binge and then purge because they feel guilty for eating so much food, even if they are a “weight around their normal weight range” (National Institute of Health).
Biological
Patients with severe obsessive compulsive disorder, depression or bulimia were all found to have abnormally low serotonin levels. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine are secreted by the intestines and central nervous system during digestion.
Researchers have also found low cholecystokinin levels in bulimics. Cholecystokinin is a hormone that causes one to feel full and decreases eating. Low levels of this hormone are likely to cause a lack of satiative feedback when eating, which can lead to overeating. Another explanation researchers found for overeating is abnormalities in the neuromodulator peptides, neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. Both of these peptides increase eating and work with another peptide called leptin. Leptin is released by fat cells and is known to decrease eating. Research found the majority of people who overate produced normal amounts of leptin but they might have complications with the blood-brain barrier preventing an optimal amount to reach the brain.
Cortislis is a hormone released by the adrenal cortex which promotes blood sugar and increases metabolism. High levels of cortisol were found in people with eating disorders. This imbalance may be caused by a problem in or around the hypothalamus. A study in London at Maudsley Hospital found that anorexics were found to have a large variation of serotonin receptors and a high level of serotonin.
Many of these chemicals and hormones are associated with the hypothalamus in the brain. Damage to the hypothalamus can result in abnormalities in temperature regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behavior, fighting, and activity level. Uher & Treasure (2005) performed a study researching brain lesions effects on eating disorders. They evaluated 54 formally published cases of eating disorders and brain damage. They found many correlations between eating disorders and damage to the hypothalamus. People with brain lesions in the hypothalamus had abnormal eating behaviors; unprovoked and self induced vomiting, over concern with becoming fat, cheating with eating, frequent sleepiness, depression, obsessive compulsive behavior and diabetes insipidus.
While scientists have determined that there are possible biochemical or biological causes leading to eating disorders because certain chemicals which control hunger, appetite or digestions are out of balance, experts such as Dr. Edward J. Cumella, executive director of the Remuda Treatment Programs, states that there are three components to eating disorders: 1. The genetic component; 2. The unique environmental factors, such as personal experiences; and 3) The shared environmental factors, such as culture. According to Dr. Cumella, "Some people are born with a predisposition to having an eating disorder and there are genetic markers that can push a person in the direction of anorexia or bulimia...but it does not guarantee that a person will automatically suffer from an eating disorder. The environment - a person's life experience - still has to pull the trigger."
Patients with severe obsessive compulsive disorder, depression or bulimia were all found to have abnormally low serotonin levels. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine are secreted by the intestines and central nervous system during digestion.
Researchers have also found low cholecystokinin levels in bulimics. Cholecystokinin is a hormone that causes one to feel full and decreases eating. Low levels of this hormone are likely to cause a lack of satiative feedback when eating, which can lead to overeating. Another explanation researchers found for overeating is abnormalities in the neuromodulator peptides, neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. Both of these peptides increase eating and work with another peptide called leptin. Leptin is released by fat cells and is known to decrease eating. Research found the majority of people who overate produced normal amounts of leptin but they might have complications with the blood-brain barrier preventing an optimal amount to reach the brain.
Cortislis is a hormone released by the adrenal cortex which promotes blood sugar and increases metabolism. High levels of cortisol were found in people with eating disorders. This imbalance may be caused by a problem in or around the hypothalamus. A study in London at Maudsley Hospital found that anorexics were found to have a large variation of serotonin receptors and a high level of serotonin.
Many of these chemicals and hormones are associated with the hypothalamus in the brain. Damage to the hypothalamus can result in abnormalities in temperature regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behavior, fighting, and activity level. Uher & Treasure (2005) performed a study researching brain lesions effects on eating disorders. They evaluated 54 formally published cases of eating disorders and brain damage. They found many correlations between eating disorders and damage to the hypothalamus. People with brain lesions in the hypothalamus had abnormal eating behaviors; unprovoked and self induced vomiting, over concern with becoming fat, cheating with eating, frequent sleepiness, depression, obsessive compulsive behavior and diabetes insipidus.
While scientists have determined that there are possible biochemical or biological causes leading to eating disorders because certain chemicals which control hunger, appetite or digestions are out of balance, experts such as Dr. Edward J. Cumella, executive director of the Remuda Treatment Programs, states that there are three components to eating disorders: 1. The genetic component; 2. The unique environmental factors, such as personal experiences; and 3) The shared environmental factors, such as culture. According to Dr. Cumella, "Some people are born with a predisposition to having an eating disorder and there are genetic markers that can push a person in the direction of anorexia or bulimia...but it does not guarantee that a person will automatically suffer from an eating disorder. The environment - a person's life experience - still has to pull the trigger."
Trauma
Eating disorders should also be understood in the context of experienced trauma, with many eating problems beginning as survival strategies rather than vanity or obsession with appearance. According to sociologist Becky Thompson, eating disorders stemming from women of varying socio-economic status, sexual orientation and race, and finds that eating disorders and a disconnected relationship with one's body is commonly a response to environmental stresses, including sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, racism, and poverty. This reality is further detrimental for women of color and other minority women, since they are forced to live in a culture that embraces a narrowly defined conception of beauty: "people furthest from the dominant ideal of beauty, specifically women of color, may suffer the psychological effects of low self-esteem, poor body image, and eating disorders."
Eating disorders should also be understood in the context of experienced trauma, with many eating problems beginning as survival strategies rather than vanity or obsession with appearance. According to sociologist Becky Thompson, eating disorders stemming from women of varying socio-economic status, sexual orientation and race, and finds that eating disorders and a disconnected relationship with one's body is commonly a response to environmental stresses, including sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, racism, and poverty. This reality is further detrimental for women of color and other minority women, since they are forced to live in a culture that embraces a narrowly defined conception of beauty: "people furthest from the dominant ideal of beauty, specifically women of color, may suffer the psychological effects of low self-esteem, poor body image, and eating disorders."
Anorexia nervosa / Bulimia nervosa
The most visible symptom is the extreme weight loss in a short period of time. Oral symptoms include generalized mucosal redness oral ulcerations and loss of tooth material especially due to erosion caused by acidic vomiting. This erosion is especially seen on the palatal surface of the maxillary anterior teeth, and occlusal surface of mandibular molars the mandibular incisors are spared of erosive lesions as they are covered by the tongue during bouts of vomiting. The patient may also present with traumatic lesion on the uvula due to damage caused by the fingers while inducing vomiting similar lesion can be found on the corresponding finger.
The most visible symptom is the extreme weight loss in a short period of time. Oral symptoms include generalized mucosal redness oral ulcerations and loss of tooth material especially due to erosion caused by acidic vomiting. This erosion is especially seen on the palatal surface of the maxillary anterior teeth, and occlusal surface of mandibular molars the mandibular incisors are spared of erosive lesions as they are covered by the tongue during bouts of vomiting. The patient may also present with traumatic lesion on the uvula due to damage caused by the fingers while inducing vomiting similar lesion can be found on the corresponding finger.
